
好词典

源自英国历史学家阿诺德·汤因比(Arnold Joseph Toynbee, 1889–1975)的姓氏。
❶ 指英国历史学家阿诺德·汤因比(Arnold Toynbee),以其对文明发展的研究闻名。
“Toynbee's theories on the rise and fall of civilizations are widely studied.”
(汤因比关于文明兴衰的理论被广泛研究。)
“Many scholars reference Toynbee's work in their historical analyses.”
(许多学者在他们的历史分析中引用汤因比的著作。)
Toynbee's theory — 指汤因比提出的关于文明发展的理论,尤其强调挑战与回应的模式。
“Toynbee's theory suggests that civilizations thrive when they creatively respond to challenges.”
(汤因比的理论认为,当文明创造性地应对挑战时,它们会蓬勃发展。)